AI-generated simulation. It may contain errors.

Sources

• Viessmann: Vitocal 250-A datasheet, type AWO-E-AC 251.A10 (German)
• OST heat pump test centre WPZ Buchs: test results for air-to-water heat pumps (German)
• NIST Chemistry WebBook: thermophysical properties of propane (R290)
• Fraunhofer ISE: heat pumps in existing buildings, field test results 2025 (German)
• Fraunhofer ISE: field test "WPsmart im Bestand" (German)
• Welt der Physik: How does a heat pump work? (German)
• Welt der Physik: How does an air conditioner work? (German)
• LEIFIphysik: heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump (German)
• Bundesverband Wärmepumpe: ground heat (German)
• Wärmepumpe (Wikipedia, German)
• Heat pump (Wikipedia)
• HyperPhysics: Heat pump (COP, Carnot limit)
• Cerbe, Wilhelms: Technische Thermodynamik, section 5.6 (German textbook)
• Zhu et al. (2015): A new frosting map for air-source heat pumps
• Bosch Home Comfort: when a heat pump ices up (German)
• US DOE / ORNL: compressor technologies for low-GWP refrigerants (isentropic efficiency)
• Danfoss: compressors for R600a, application guide (TLS4K data)
• Kühlschrank (Wikipedia, German)
• Viessmann: setting the heating curve (German)
• C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.: using environmental heat with heat pumps (ground temperatures, German)
• Umweltbundesamt: how a vapour-compression refrigeration system works (German)
• VDE Verlag: Kältetechnik, sample chapter (heat exchanger temperature differences, German)
• 42watt: the expansion valve of a heat pump (superheat, German)
• Panel radiator type 22, 600 × 1000 mm: heat output to EN 442 (German)